Database

[{"name":"Guillaume","childrens":[{"name":"Robert","degree":"License"}],"students":[{"name":"Hélène","degree":"License"}]},{"name":"Mathilde","childrens":[{"name":"Lucie","degree":"License"}],"students":[{"name":"Michel","degree":"License"}]}]

Query

db.collection.update({},[{$set:{childrens:{$filter:{input:{$ifNull:["$childrens",[]]},cond:{$ne:["$$this.name","Robert"]}}},students:{$concatArrays:[{$ifNull:["$students",[]]},{$map:{input:{$filter:{input:{$ifNull:["$childrens",[]]},cond:{$eq:["$$this.name","Robert"]}}},in:{$mergeObjects:["$$this",{degree:"Master"}]}}}]}}}],{"multi":true,"upsert":false})

Result